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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM VS SOME BASICS

 Gland-It is an organ which secrets chemical substances for use or for discharge into surrounding

Hormone-Chemical substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue, such as blood to stimulate specific sales or tissue into activity

It is discovered by William m baylisis and Earnest H starling in 1970

3 types of hormone 

1.Amino acid derivative example Thyroid hormone 

Catecholamines(Epinephrine and not Epinephrine)

2.Protine-all anterior and posterior pituitary hormone,hypothalamic hormone,Insulin,glucagon 

3.Steroid-adrenal cortical hormones,Testosterone,Estrogen,Progesterone,Vitamin D

How hormones work?

Leaves gland and enters blood stream 

Then reaches target issue then binds to receptor sites then a specific changes occurs in cell

Nonsteroid hormone receptors are found in membrane and steroid hormone receptors are found in nucleus 

Pineal gland-biological clock or pineal body or third eye 

It is the smallest organ of body 

Shape-pine cone shaped 

Position-it is situated between cerebral hemisphere 

To the 3rd ventricle 

Secretion of hormones 

Melatonin/N -acetyl -5-methoxy tryptamine 

Function- maintain the body’s circadian rhythm,it is an 24 hours clock that plays a critical role in when fall asleep and when we wake up

Hypothalamus-commander in chief 

It control the pituitary gland and therefore most of the endocrine 

Thyrotropin -releasing hormones (TRH) stimulate TSH release 

Prolactin-releasing hormones-Stimulate prolactin releases 

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) -inhibit prolectine release 

Corticotrophine releasing hormones (CRH) stimulates ACTH release 

Growth hormone releasing hormones (GHRH) stimulate GH release 

Gonadotropin releasing hormones stimulate the releases of the gonadotropin,FSH and LH

PITUITARY GLAD/Master gland /hypophysis

Location-in hypophyseal phosa (sella turcica) of sphenoid bone by hypothalamus 

Weights-500mg /0.5 gm/0.018oz

Size-pea

ANTERIOR PITUITARY (Adenohypophysis)/pars anterior 

It produce 7 hormones 

1.Luteinizing hormone 

2.prolactin hormone 

3.Growth hormone 

4.Adenocorticotrophic hormone 

5.Thyroid stimulating hormones 

6.Melanocyte stimulating hormone 

7.Follicles stimulating hormones 

In Simple formula LPG ka ATM F hai

POSTERIOR PITUITARY (Neurohypophysis)-posterior lobe of pituitary gland produce 2 hormones 

1.Antidiuretic hormones/vasopressin -stimulate water re absorption in collecting duct

2.Oxytocin/pitocin (Love hormone)- Stimulate smooth muscle contraction of uterus and mammary glands 

Thyroid gland-

position-Situated in neck in front of larynx and trachea between 5 th ,6th and 7th cervical and 1st TV

Weight it is about 25 gm

Color -brownish red

Each lobe being about 5cm long, 3cm wide,2cm thick

Secretion of hormones-Secreting by follicular cell /Thyroid epithelial/thyrocytes

1.T3(Tri-idothyronine ) 80-230 ng /dl

2.T4 tetraidothyronine (thyroxine) 5-12.9 microgram/dl

3.Calcitonin-(parafollicular cells/C cells ) Normal <10 pg/ml)

Function-Reduce blood calcium level (increase urinary excreation)

 Inhibits re absorption of calcium level from bone to decrease activity of osteoclasts

Hyperthyrodism /thyrotoxicosis

It is due to hyper secretion of  T3&T4 hormone characterised by increase BMR

Etiology -Graves disease-most common cause of hyperthyroidism 

Body produces Ab that cause thyroid to make and release too much thyroid hormone 

Toxic multinodular goiter(Plummer disease) -2nd most common cause of hyperthyroidism 

Increased heart rate(Tachycardia)

Weight loss,often despite an increased appetite 

Feeling warm or hot all time 

Heat intolerance 

Reduction in menstrual flow 

Exopthalmos (abnormal protrusion of eyeball)

Management-

Anti thyroid drug’s ex methimazole ,carbimazole propranolol (infernal) for bradycardia as prescribed 

Iodide (lugon solution) decreases release of hormone from thyroid (administer before thyroidectomy)

During thyrodectomy -Give Rose position

After thyroidectomy-give semi fowlers position 

Complication of thyroidectomy -

Laryngeal nerve injury 

Diet-increased calories,protein and CHO 

Hypothyrodism /Myxedema 

Hyposcretion of T3 & T4 hormone characterized by Decreased BMR

Myoxedema-most severe from hypothyrodism characterized by swelling of the hands,face,feet may lead to coma and death









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