Gland-It is an organ which secrets chemical substances for use or for discharge into surrounding
Hormone-Chemical substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue, such as blood to stimulate specific sales or tissue into activity
It is discovered by William m baylisis and Earnest H starling in 1970
3 types of hormone
1.Amino acid derivative example Thyroid hormone
Catecholamines(Epinephrine and not Epinephrine)
2.Protine-all anterior and posterior pituitary hormone,hypothalamic hormone,Insulin,glucagon
3.Steroid-adrenal cortical hormones,Testosterone,Estrogen,Progesterone,Vitamin D
How hormones work?
Leaves gland and enters blood stream
Then reaches target issue then binds to receptor sites then a specific changes occurs in cell
Nonsteroid hormone receptors are found in membrane and steroid hormone receptors are found in nucleus
Pineal gland-biological clock or pineal body or third eye
It is the smallest organ of body
Shape-pine cone shaped
Position-it is situated between cerebral hemisphere
To the 3rd ventricle
Secretion of hormones
Melatonin/N -acetyl -5-methoxy tryptamine
Function- maintain the body’s circadian rhythm,it is an 24 hours clock that plays a critical role in when fall asleep and when we wake up
Hypothalamus-commander in chief
It control the pituitary gland and therefore most of the endocrine
Thyrotropin -releasing hormones (TRH) stimulate TSH release
Prolactin-releasing hormones-Stimulate prolactin releases
Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) -inhibit prolectine release
Corticotrophine releasing hormones (CRH) stimulates ACTH release
Growth hormone releasing hormones (GHRH) stimulate GH release
Gonadotropin releasing hormones stimulate the releases of the gonadotropin,FSH and LH
PITUITARY GLAD/Master gland /hypophysis
Location-in hypophyseal phosa (sella turcica) of sphenoid bone by hypothalamus
Weights-500mg /0.5 gm/0.018oz
Size-pea
ANTERIOR PITUITARY (Adenohypophysis)/pars anterior
It produce 7 hormones
1.Luteinizing hormone
2.prolactin hormone
3.Growth hormone
4.Adenocorticotrophic hormone
5.Thyroid stimulating hormones
6.Melanocyte stimulating hormone
7.Follicles stimulating hormones
In Simple formula LPG ka ATM F hai
POSTERIOR PITUITARY (Neurohypophysis)-posterior lobe of pituitary gland produce 2 hormones
1.Antidiuretic hormones/vasopressin -stimulate water re absorption in collecting duct
2.Oxytocin/pitocin (Love hormone)- Stimulate smooth muscle contraction of uterus and mammary glands
Thyroid gland-
position-Situated in neck in front of larynx and trachea between 5 th ,6th and 7th cervical and 1st TV
Weight it is about 25 gm
Color -brownish red
Each lobe being about 5cm long, 3cm wide,2cm thick
Secretion of hormones-Secreting by follicular cell /Thyroid epithelial/thyrocytes
1.T3(Tri-idothyronine ) 80-230 ng /dl
2.T4 tetraidothyronine (thyroxine) 5-12.9 microgram/dl
3.Calcitonin-(parafollicular cells/C cells ) Normal <10 pg/ml)
Function-Reduce blood calcium level (increase urinary excreation)
Inhibits re absorption of calcium level from bone to decrease activity of osteoclasts
Hyperthyrodism /thyrotoxicosis
It is due to hyper secretion of T3&T4 hormone characterised by increase BMR
Etiology -Graves disease-most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Body produces Ab that cause thyroid to make and release too much thyroid hormone
Toxic multinodular goiter(Plummer disease) -2nd most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Increased heart rate(Tachycardia)
Weight loss,often despite an increased appetite
Feeling warm or hot all time
Heat intolerance
Reduction in menstrual flow
Exopthalmos (abnormal protrusion of eyeball)
Management-
Anti thyroid drug’s ex methimazole ,carbimazole propranolol (infernal) for bradycardia as prescribed
Iodide (lugon solution) decreases release of hormone from thyroid (administer before thyroidectomy)
During thyrodectomy -Give Rose position
After thyroidectomy-give semi fowlers position
Complication of thyroidectomy -
Laryngeal nerve injury
Diet-increased calories,protein and CHO
Hypothyrodism /Myxedema
Hyposcretion of T3 & T4 hormone characterized by Decreased BMR
Myoxedema-most severe from hypothyrodism characterized by swelling of the hands,face,feet may lead to coma and death
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