MOT important golden key points VS MSN
NOciception is the physiologic process by which information about tissue damage is communicated to the Central Nervous System
(CNS)
Prostaglandins increase the sensitivity of pain receptors by enhancing the pain-provoking effect of bradykinin.
Endorphins interact with the opiate receptors in the brain to reduce our perception of pain and act similarly to drugs such as
morphine and codeine.
Nociceptor is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals
(pain) to the spinal cord and the brain.
Dehiscence is the separation and disruption of previously joined wound edges.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy means delivery of O, at increased atmospheric pressure, that accelerates granulation tissue formation
and wound healing.
Primary leukocyte that responds during inflammation is Neutrophil.
Increase in immature neutrophils is known as left shift
Most conmmon cause of altered inflammatory response is Neutropenia.
Phagocytosis is also known as opsonisation. This is used to neutralize foreign molecules.
Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) indicates inflammatory process.
Eosinophilic response is seen in allergy, parasitic infection and cancer.
In the first 24 hours of Inflammation process, Ischemic cell injury and infiltration of neutrophils
During 24 to 48 hours to inflammatory process, Macrophages become dominant.
The inflammatory/exudative phase of wound healing is from onset of wound (day 1 to day 4).
Blood vessels constrict to restrict the blood flow during hemostasis stage of wound healing
Increased capillary permeability and blood flow to the site of injury occur during inflammatory phase of wound healing.
Contraction of wound margins and covering (epithelialization) occurs during proliferation stage of wound healing.
Surgical wound is an example of healing with primary intention.
Lacerated wounds, pressure ulcers and traumatic injuries are the examples of healing with secondary intention.
Healthy granulation tissue is pink or red and uneven in texture.
Dark granulation tissue can be a sign of poor perfusion or infection.
Position change every 2 hours is the most effective method of prevention of pressure ulcer in a bedridden patient.
Norton or Braden scales are valid risk assessment tools for the assessment of pressure ulcers.
Waterlow scale or score is used for risk assessment for pressure ulcer.
Gangrene is a type of tissue death due to lack of blood supply and oxygen.
Dry gangrene mostly affects limbs.
Moist gangrene mostly affects bowel.
to remember
The major class of immunoglobulin present in human serum is lgG.
lgE is associated with allergic reactions.
lgG is most abundant immunoglobulin (75%), found in all body fluids (Remember G-greatest).
IgM is the largest (size) immunoglobulin (Remember- M-Macro).
Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes. They function in the humoral immunity.
Tlymphocytes is associated with cell mediated immunity.
Contact dermatitis occurs due to delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV) type of reaction.
Corticosteroids block the action of phospholipase, thereby reducing the production of both prostaglandin and leukotrienes.
Administration of corticosteroids diminishes the activity of the immune system, so they may mask some usual symptoms of
infection.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is an interdisciplinary science that seeks to understand the reactions among psychology, neurologic
and immune responses.
Cytokines cause fever by their ability to initiate metabolic changes in the temperature regulating center.
The cardinal sign of inflammation includes redness, heat, pain, swelling and loss of function.
Life span of CD4+ T cells is 100 days, but in HIV infected patients it is only 2 days that cause immunodeficiency in patient.
Sirolimus is an immunosuppressive agent used in renal transplant recipient in combination with corticosteroids and cyclosporine.
Kaposi sarcoma is a tumor caused by human herpes virus 8, it is commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus.
Drugs commonly used in ART (Anti-Retroviral Therapy) are Zidovudine (ZDV) also known as azidothymidine (AZT), Nevirapine and
Stavudine.
The average risk of HIV infection after needlestick injury to HIV-infected blood is 1 in 300.
The average risk after exposure of nose, eye, or mouth to HIV-infected blood is 0.1% (1 per 1,000).
Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy is caused by HIV infection.
CitinDer
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section
Osteoporosis is the most prevalent bone disease in the world.
.Monteggia fracture is a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with dislocation of the radius.
Fracture of the distal radius is called Colle's fracture.
Tripod fracture is seen in Zygomatic bone.
Compartment syndrome is a complication of fracture in this increased pressure within the myofascial compartment.
Compartment syndrome is a serious complication of casting and splinting. It occurs when there is an increased pressure withina
confined space which compromises blood flow, and low tissue perfusion occurs
Osteoporosis (porosity and brittleness of bone) is caused by deficiency of Vitamin D.
Vitamin D Deficiency in adults leads to Osteomalacia.
Cardinal symptoms of rickets are craniotabes (thinning of skull bones), rachitic rosary (rib beading). pigeon breast (pectus
carinatum), bowing of legs, waddling gait and short stature.
Section A 32 Ndchitic rosary can be frequently seen in Rickets. It is a classic beading of osteochondral junction of ribs. Ra Carpopedal spasm indicates hypocalcemia. n injury to the joint ligament and joint capsule is termed as Sprain. The largest synovial joint in the human body is knee joint. COie's fracture refers to the fracture of Radius. It is a type of fracture of the distal forearm. Colles' fracture is commonly described as a dinner fork deformity. Significant elevation of ESR and C reactive Protein (CRP) is seen during actual phase of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by the compression of the median nerve. Cubital tunnel syndrome occurs when the ulnar nerve in the arm becomes compressed or irritated. Foot drop is caused by an injury to the common peroneal nerve. Diet with high calcium content is usually not indicated to prolonged bedridden patient with fracture because decalcificas: already there and it causes further renal calculi. ion is Provide a diet high in protein and vitamin C to the patient with fracture. Handle the cast with palm not with finger as it could cause pressure area within the cast. Cast should not be covered until it is dry. Use fan to circulate air. Elevate the casted limb on pillow but not amputated limb as it creates contracture. Pain around the pin site, warmth, redness, swelling, purulent discharge is indicative of pin-site infection which can develop a osteomyelitis. Buck's skin traction is used to treat knee injuries. Gallow's/Bryant's traction is used in the fracture of shaft of femur. Russel's traction is used in trochanteric fracture. In a client with traction neurovascular assessment is the priority nursing intervention. In a client with skin traction dorsiflexion of the foot indicates functioning of peroneal nerve; plantarflexion of the foot indicates functioning of the tibial nerve. In a client with skeletal traction Nurse should not remove weight from the traction unless a life-threatening emergency. Nurse should stand on the affected side while ambulating the client. Four-point gait or weight-bearing gait is most commonly used when both legs are in a weakened condition. Three-point gait or non-weight bearing gait is used when injured legs can bear some weight. Three-point swing through gait is used to keep all pressure off from injured legs and swing both legs through. Gout is a syndrome of acute attacks of arthritis caused by hyperuricemia. Incidence of primary gout is more among men than in women. Allopurinol is a drug of choice to treat chronic gout or prevention of gout. Cochicine is used to treat acute gout attack. Limited intake of purine-rich food (e.g. liver and sardines) is advised for the patient with gout. Gout most classically affects the joint in the base of the big toe. Osteoarthritis most commonly affects weight-bearing joints, for example, hip, knee, lower vertebral column. Osteoarthritis is most common type of arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a most common cause of Swan Neck Deformity of fingers. Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for more than 50% of infections that causes osteomyelitis. Paget's disease is a disorder of bone remodeling process. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine. Kyphosis is outward curvature of the thoracic spine. It is also known as humpback. Lordosis is inward curvature of the lumbar spine. Patient with prolapsed intervertebral disc is advised to sleep on one side with hip and knee flexed and a pillow betweenlegs. C5-C6 and C6-C7 are the most common sites for cervical vertebrae prolapse. L4-L5 and L5-S1 are the most common sites for lumbar vertebrae prolapse. Prone position may be recommended following amputation of lower limb. In lower limb amputation, stump should not be elevated on a pillow because it can lead to flexion contracture. If physician recommended, then the foot end of the bed can be elevated. In above knee amputation, prevent the external rotation of stump by using sand bag. In below knee amputation, discourage prolonged sitting and hanging the stump while sitting.
tO TeImember Target High Extra Edge . The average distance from the incisor teeth to the top of the stomach is 38 to 40 cm in men and 36 to 38 cm in women. The microorganism closely associated with dental cavities is Streptococcus sanguis. Parotid is the largest salivary gland. Submaxillary gland is the gland with longest duct. Glossitis is inflammation of the tongue. .Inflammation of mouth is called Stomatitis. Iron absorption occurs in duodenum. Leiomyoma is the most common type of benign esophageal tumor. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of malignant tumor of esophagus. Strongest layer of gut is Submucosa. Caecum is the thinnest muscular wall; most vulnerable for perforation; least vulnerable for obstruction. Caecum is the widest portion of the colon. Narrowest part of large intestine is Sigmoid colon. Ascending colon is the shortest part of colon. Area of colon least visualized by barium studies is Sigmoid colon. First organ to be affected in CA stomach is Liver. H. Pylori is a risk factor for intestinal type of CA stomach. Urea breath test in exhaled breath is used to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Murphy's sign acute cholecystitis Cullen's sign hemorrhagic pancreatitis Mirizzi's syndrome: gallstone gets impacted in the cystic duct or neck of the gallbladder and causes compression of the Common Bile Duct. Hematemesis is blood in vomitus. Icterus (jaundice) is a sign that is present if a patient is experiencing hepatic coma. SGOT/SGPT (AST) ratio >3:1 is highly suggestive of alcoholic liver disease. AST> ALT is seen in Cirrhosis. CAGE questionnaire is used in the clinical diagnosis of alcohol dependence and abuse. Normal portal vein pressure is: 5 - 10 mm Hg or 10-15 cm of water. Ground glass hepatocytes are seen in Chronic viral hepatitis. Wilson's disease is a disorder of copper metabolism. Hemochromatosis refers to abnormal accumulation of iron in various organs Waist to hip ratio hydrochloric acid secreted in stomach. Billroth I Surgery (Gastroduodenostomy) involves partial gastrectomy with removal of the distal two-third of the stomach and anastomosis of the gastric stump to the duodenum. Billroth II surgery (Gastrojejunostomy) involves partial gastrectomy with removal of the distal two-third of the stomach and anastomosis of the gastric stump to the jejunum. Contd..
Section A Pernicious anemia is a long-term complication of total gastrectomy. Rovsing's sign is elicited by palpation of the left lower quadrant, causing pain to be felt in the right lower quadrant. Positiva Rovsing's sign is associated with appendicitis. Intlammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. lcerative colitis is a disease of colon and rectum, it starts in the rectum and moves in a continual fashion toward the cecum. Crohn's disease involves all layer of the bowel wall and can occur anywhere in the Gl tract from mouth to the anus. Hematochezia is passage of fresh blood through rectum. Malena is dark tarry stools containing occult blood. It is associated with upper Gl bleeding. Oral erythromycin and neomycin are given in preoperative time of gastric surgery to reduce the number of bacteria and prevent post-operative complication. A barium enema is used to determine narrowing or obstruction of the colonic lumen. Clinical manifestation of fat malabsorption is Steatorrhea. It is a bulky, foul smelling, yellow, gray, greasy stools with puttylike consistency. Celiac disease is treated with lifelong avoidance of dietary gluten. The hallmark of Wilson disease is corneal Kayser-Fleischer rings. Grey Turner sign and Cullen's sign are signs of pancreatitis. Whipple procedure (radical pancreaticoduodenectomy) is classic surgery for pancreatic cancer. Rapid renmoval of fluids from the abdominal cavity during paracentesis leads to decreased abdominal pressure which can cause vasodilation and shock. Scissors is an emergency bedside article needs to be kept in a client with Sengstaken-Blakmore tube because rupture of balloon or migration of balloon to the oropharynx can cause life-threatening airway obstruction and asphyxiation. In case of airway obstruction tube needs to be cut to relieve pressure in the oropharynx. Gastric balloon is the first inflating balloon in Sengstaken-Blakmore tube and esophageal balloon is the first deflating balloon. Patient receiving lactulose for the management of hepatic encephalopathy and coma should be closely monitored for watery stool which indicates medication overdose. Hepatitis B is caused by DNA virus and all other hepatitis is caused by RNA virus. Pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen which is radiating to back and right shoulder suggestive of cholecystitis. Murphy's sign: Patient can't take deep breath when examiner's hand passed below the hepatic margin because of the pain the patient felt in cholecystitis. Morphine causes spasm of Sphincter of oddi so it is contraindicated in client with cholecystitis and pancreatitis. Elevated serums amylase and lipase are suggestive of pancreatitis. Cullen sign is discoloration of abdomen and periumbilical area visible in pancreatitis. Turner's sign is bluish discoloration of the flank visible in pancreatitis. Majority of the pancreatic cancer arises at the head of the pancreas. Clay-colored stools indicate the sign of obstructive jaundice. Adhesion is the union of two opposing tissue surfaces. Volvulus refers to abnormal twisting of a part of the large or small intestine. Intussusception is a condition in which one segment of intestine slips into another portion located below it, just like telescope. .Currant jelly-like stools are feature of Intussusception (intestine telescopes into itself). Meckel's diverticulum is an outpouching or bulge in the lower part of the small intestine. The bulge iscongenital (present at birth) and is a leftover of the umbilical cord. .Hernia is a condition in which part of an organ is displaced and protrudes through the wall of the cavity. Surgical repair of hernia is known as herniorrhaphy. Hirschsprung's disease is an aganglionic disease. It is a congenital defect of the intestinal tract which causes inadequate motility Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism that results in decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages located in the liver. In the liver, bacteria that found their way into portal circulation are destroyed by Kupffer cells. Low-residue, low-fiber diet is recommended for a patient with ulcerative colitis. Most Common Most common cause of Portal HTN in Adults: Cirrhosis Most common cause of Cirrhosis: Alcoholic liver disease Most common cause of diarrhea in children of age 6-24 months: Rotavirus Most common pathogenic parasitic infection in the human: Giardia Most common site for Amoebiasis: Caecum Most common site of intestinal TB: Ileum Most common symptom CA pancreas: Painless jaundice Most common site of CA Stomach: Antrum Most common site of Peptic ulcer: First part of duodenum Most common site of Typhoid ulcer: Terminal ileum Most common site of Amoebic colitis: Sigmoid colon Most common site of Colonic diverticula: Sigmoid colon Most common site of Ulcerative colitis: Rectum Most common site of Hirschsprung disorders: Rectum
Target High Extra Edg
Normal hearing frequency of child and adult is 16-20,000 Hz.
Organ most damaged in bomb explosion is Ear.
Myringotomy involves an incision in the tympanum to release the increased pressure and exudates from the middle ear.
Cholesteatoma is a complication of chronic otitis media. It is a mass of epithelial cells and cholesterol in the middle ear.
Schwartz's sign is reddish bluish of tympanum mainly present in otosclerosis.
Flamingo pink sign or Schwartz sign is visible in otosclerosis.
Meniere's disease (Endolymphatic hydrops) is a disease of the inner ear characterized by recurring episodes of vertigo, tinnitus
and deafness.
Acoustic Neuroma or Vestibular Schwannoma is a benign tumor that occurs where the acoustic nerve (CN VII) enters the internal
auditory canal.
Normal hearing is 0 -15 dB range, the profound deafness occurs due to the sound level reaches above 91dB,
Normal conversation sound level is 60 dB.
Permissible level of noise in industries in India:
90 dB for 8 hours a day x 5 days a week.
Syringing is done in Posterosuperior direction to remove wax.
Ototoxicity is due to damage to Outer hair cells of cochlea
Least toxic aminoglycoside is Natilmycin.
Viral infections associated with hearing loss is MMR.
Tubercular Otitis Media Painless otorrhea, fails to respond to usual antimicrobial, mutiple TM perforation, pale granulation
tissue present.
Fluctuating deafness is seen in Meniere's disease.
Stapedectomy/Stapedotomy is the surgical management of otosclerosis.
Average length of male vocal cord is 18-23 mm.
Average length of female vocal cord is 16-17 mm.
All muscles of larynx are supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve (except cricothyroid which is supplied by external division of SLN).
A nurse caring for a patient subjected to total laryngectomy should plan for alternate communication method.
Mulberry mucosa is seen in Hypertrophic rhinitis.
The beta-2 transferrin assay is the test of choice for Confirmatory test.
Most of the nasal bleeds occur from Kiesselbach's plexus or little's area of the nose.
Weber's and Rinne's test are the tests done to assess hearing loss.
In Rinne's test, bone conduction if better than air conduction indicates conductive hearing loss.
in Weber's test, lateralization of sound to affected side indicates unilateral conductive hearing loss.
.In Weber's test, lateralization of sound to normal or better-hearing side indicates unilateral sensorineural loss.
Most Common
Most common cause of hearing loss is Impacted wax.
Most common cause of hearing loss in children is Secretory otitis media.
Most common complication of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is Mastoiditis.
Most common tumor of middle ear is Glomus tumor.
Most common histopathological variety of CA larynx is Squamous cell carcinoma.
Most common sinusitis in children is Ethmoid.
Most common sinusitis in Adult is Maxillary.
Most common benign tumor of sinus is Osteoma
Most common fracture of bone of face is Nasal bone.
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. Pupil contracts in response to bright Ilight and relaxes in dim light.
.Presbyopia is a form of hyperopia, or farsightedness that occurs as a normal process of aging, usually around 40.
Presbycusis is the most common type of sensorineural hearing loss caused by natural aging of the auditory system.
Function of the iris is to regulate the size of pupil and allow light to pass only through the center of the lens, which is optically
most effective part.
Three cranial nerves that are related to eye movements are Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducens.
.Anisocoria is unequal pupil size.
Ptosis is dropping of eyelids
Amblyopia is reduced vision in the affected eye.
LASIK (Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis) is the treatment for myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism.
Hordeolum (stye) is an infection of the sebaceous glands in the lid margin.
Keratoconjunctivitis is the inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is otherwise known as dry eye.
Major signs of retinal detachment are photopsia (light flash), floater sand and hairnet.
Enucleation is the removal of eye. Indications are blind patient and painful
Normal intraocular pressure is 12-21 mm Hg.
Emmetropia is a condition in which the eye is relaxed and focused on an object more than 6 meters or 20 feet away.
Arcus senilis is a sign of high cholesterol, manifested by presence of a white or gray opaque ring in corneal margin.
Macropsia is an illusion in which objects appear larger than their actual size.
Fleischer rings are pigmented rings in the peripheral cornea, due to iron deposition.
Proptosis is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit.
Most common type of bacterial conjunctivitis is Acute Mucopurulent conjunctivitis.
Most common cause is S. aureus
Complication Marginal corneal ulcer
Ethambutol causes impairment of Red and Green color vision.
Most common cause of Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis- Enterovirus (70%).
Most common cause of cataract is Senility (age related).
Painless peripheral loss of vision in an elderly diabetic patient is associated with Open-angle glaucoma.
Macular degeneration is the most common cause of irreversible central vision loss.
Color blindness is due to the problem with cones.
Frequent VIsual examination is suggested for a patient on Ethambutol due to the risk of ocular toxicity (decreased red-green color
discrimination).
EXtra Edgge
. Carotenemia (carotenosis) is yellow discoloration of skin most noticeable on palms and soles, no yellowing of sclera, caused by
increased intake of vegetable containing carotene.
Methods used for determining the extent of burn are Rule of Nines and Lund Browder method.
The Brook and Parkland formulas are used for fluid calculation of burn patient.
Dapsone is used in treatment of leprosy, pneumocystis pneumonia, and dermatitis herpetiformis.
Butterfly rash is a sign of systemic lupus erythmatosis.
EUSOL (Edinburgh University Solution of lime Composition): Antiseptic solution contains 12.5 g boric acid +12.5 g bleaching
powder in 100 mL of water; used in treating wound and burn area.
Erythromelalgia is caused by an increased platelet count that results in formation of tiny clots in vessels of the extremity. It is
characterized by sudden severe pain in hand and feet with reddish or bluish coloration of skin.
Erythromelalgia is a classic symptom of polycythemia vera.
Hamartoma is an excess of normal tissue in a normal situation, e.g. birth mark on skin.
Pachyderma means thick skin caused by dysregulation of mesenchymal cells.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer
Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer.
For assessment of stage of pressure ulcer, the eschar and slough must be removed before assessment.
Dapsone or Diaminodiphenylsulfone is drug of choice for Leprosy.
. The amount of air passing into and out of the lungs during each cycle of breathing is referred to as Tidal volume. It is 500 ml for adult. Total lung capacity: The maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort is 6000 ml in normal adult. Vital Capacity: The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort is 4800 ml in normal adult. Stridor is a high-pitched, wheezing sound caused by disrupted airflow. Stridor may also be called musical breathing or extra thoracic airway obstruction. Cheyne-strokes respiration: Progressively deeper, and sometimes faster, breathing followed by a gradual decrease that reslts in a temporary stop in breathing is called an apnea. The trachea is a cylindrical tube about 5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter. Surfactant is a lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension in the alveoli and decreases the tendency of the alveoli to collapse. Deficiency of surfactant leads to alveolar collapse. Single largest risk factor for Asthma: Atopy/Hereditary Most Important risk factor for cOPD: Cigarette smoking Obstructive lung disease: Decreased expiratory flow rates Restrictive lung disease: Decreased in lung volumes Atelectasisrefers to collapsed alveoli, postoperative patient is at risk for atelectasis because of effect of anesthesia and restricted breathing with pain. Hering-Breuer reflex: As the lung inflates, pulmonary stretch receptors activate the inspiratory center to inhibit further lung expansion. Epistaxis (nosebleed) is bleeding from the nose. Cordectomy is partial removal of one vocal cord. Pneumocystis jiroveci is an opportunistic pathogen which causes Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in AIDS patient. Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test): In this test purified protein derivative (PPD) is used to diagnose TB infection. A positive tuberculin test is indicated by induration of 10 mm or more in diameter. Ethambutol causes retrobulbar neuritis and can result in red-green blindness. Pneumoconiosis is a group of lung disease caused by inhalation and retention of dust particle Hemothorax is the accumulation of blood in the intrapleural space. Pleurodesis is the artificial production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura, usually done with a chemical sclerosing agent. Flail chest results from a multiple rib fracture. The ratio of anteroposterior to transverse diameter is 1:2 in a normal adult. In barrel chest, the ratio of anterioposterior to transverse diameter is 1:1. .Barrel chest is seen in emphysema. Chest tube is inserted in sitting and lying position with the affected side elevated. "Tracheostomy" is usually performed between the second and third cartilage rings of trachea. Thoracotomy is a surgical opening into the thoracic cavity. There are two types of thoracic incision: 1. Median sternotomy used for surgery involving the heart. 2. Lateral thoracotomy used for surgery related to lungs. Pneumonia is acute inflammation of lung tissue caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, chemical and other factors. Empyema is pleural effusion that contains pus. Emboli are mobile clots that generally do not stop moving until they are lodged at a narrowed part of the circulatory system. Common symptoms of pulmonary embolism are anxiety, sudden onset of unexplained dyspnea, tachypnea and tachycardia. D-dimer test is done if pulmonary embolism is suspected, its level is increased 8 times in venous thromboembolism. Tidal volume (TV): It is the amount of air(500 mlL) inspired during normal, relaxed breathing. Treprostinil, a prostacyclin, is used as a continuous subcutaneous injection, which causes vasodilation of the pulmonary arterial system and inhibits platelets aggregation. COPD is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Surgical treatment for COPD includes lung volume reduction therapy, bullectomy and lung transplantation.
ASthma triad includes nasal polyps, asthma, and sensitivity to aspirin and NSAIDS.
Drug of Choice for chronic asthma: Inhaled corticosteroid+ Long Acting Beta Agonists (LABA)
Drug of Choice for acute, severe asthma: Inhaled Short Acting Beta Agonists (SABA) + Systemic steroids
Bronchodilator of choice in COPD: Anticholinergics
Treatment of Choice in Bronchiectasis: postural drainage
Chest physiotherapy (CPT) has no role and is not recommended for asthma because it is too stressful for breathless patient.
Pursed lip breathing (PLB) is effective in acute state of asthma it keeps the airway open by maintaining positive pressure.
Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for developing COPD.
Environmental tobacco smoke or second-hand smoke is the exposure of nonsmoker to cigarette smoke.
al-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is the genetic risk factor that leads to COPD.
Removal of an entire lung is called pneumonectomy.
Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) is the confirmatory test for cOPD.
For detection of air under diaphragm most suitable X-ray is chest PA view.
High concentration of 02 can be delivered through non-rebreather mask.
Pursed lip breathing is to prolong exhalation and thereby prevent bronchiolar collapse and air trapping.
CPT consists of percussion, vibration and postural drainage.
Postural drainage uses the principle of gravity to assist in bronchial drainage.
There are 18 segments in the lungs so 18 positions are used for drainage.
Morphine is contraindicated in bronchial asthma and pancreatitis.
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive multisystem disease characterized by altered function of the exocrine glands, invoiving
lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands.
Sweat chloride test is performed to diagnose cystic fibrosis, sweat chloride is found four times higher than normal.
The hallmark of bronchiectasis is persistent or recurrent cough with production of large amount of purulent sputum that may
exceed 500 mL/day.
The most appropriate time for the nurse to obtain a sputum specimen for culture is early in the morning.
Venturi mask is a medical device used to deliver known oxygen concentration to patient on controlled oxygen therapy.
Venturi mask is invented by Moran Campbel.
B-lactam or macrolide antibiotics are the Drug of Choice for Pneumococcal Pneumonia.
If the chest tube dislodges, immediately it should be reconnected to the water seal. Pressure should be applied over the chest tube
insertion site.
Rifampicin leads to reddish discoloration of urine.
Culture and Sensitivity test determines whether the prescribed antibiotics will be effective.
Most Common
Most common agent to cause drug induced asthma: Aspirin
Most common pneumothorax: COPD
Most common fetal response to acute hypoxia: Bradycardia
Most common site of primary TB: Middle lobe
Target High Extra Edge As per WHO data (2015) Coronary artery disease causes most deaths world- wide (8.8 Million deaths) followed by Stroke (b.2 Million deaths). High Homocysteine level (>12-15 mmol/L) damages the inner lining of the blood vessel and causes atherosclerosis. . Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or a decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg within three minutes of standing when compared with blood pressure from the sitting or supine poSition. .Outpouching or dilation of arterial wall is called aneurysm. .Pulmonary hypertension increases the workload of the right ventricle and causes right ventricular hypertrophy also known as cor pulmonale. Dyspnea on exertion and fatigue are classic symptom of pulmonary hypertension. Cardiac index is cardiac output divided by the body mass index. Hypertension is also called silent killer because it is frequently asymptomatic until it becomes severe. World Health Organization recommends a reduction to perfusion. Assessing the weight of the patient is the accurate indicator of health status in heart failure patient who is on diuretics.. Major evidence of ischemia is drop in systolic BP of >20 mm Hg from baseline BP despite an increase in workload. Chest pain can be reduced by administering nitroglyecerin, morphin sulfate, and supplemental oxygen. Digitalis is a positive inotropic agent that improves left ventricular function (increase the force of contraction of left ventricle). Inotropic agents are the drugs that increase the force of contraction and exert a positive effect Hypokalemia, secondary to diuretics, is one of the most common causes of digitalis toxicity. Digitalis toxicity results in hyperkalemia. Digoxin is contraindicated if apical pulse is below 60 beats per minute because it further decreases heart rate. Early symptoms of digitalis toxicity include anorexia, nausea, vomiting and visual disturbance. Method: HR = number of R waves in a 6 second strip x 10 Most lethal arrhythmia - Ventricular Fibrillation
ecuon A
Stimulation of Vagus Nerve Decrease in Heart Rate
Sinus bradycardia is seen in athletes.
variceal hemorrhage is the most common complication associated with portal hypertension.
Most common site of Myocardial Infarction (MI) is Anterior wall of left ventricle.
The coronary artery most commonly involved in atherosclerosis is Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD).
Transportation of triglycerides from liver to adipose tissues' is the function of Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL).
Myoglobin is the early marker for MI but Troponin is the most sensitive (superior) marker.
Person with serum cholesterol level >200 mg/dL is at high risk for development of CAD.
Osler's nodes (small, painful nodes in fingers and toes) are seen in infective endocarditis.
The most common direct cause of sudden death is Coronary Artery Disease.
Aspirin in Coronary Artery Disease is used primarily to inhibit platelet adhesion.
Hemorrhage and falling Blood Pressure are potential complications in the initial 12 hours after cardiac catheterization procedur
Most common cause of Intermittent claudication is atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of Aortic aneurysm.
Most common cardiac anomaly among infants of diabetic mothers is Transposition of great arteries.
Transfusion of one unit of Whole Blood/PRBC can increase Hb by 1 g/dL and Hematocrit by 3% in an adult.
Bobbing head with each pulse is seen in patient with Aortic regurgitation.
Water hammer pulse is a feature of Aortic regurgitation.
When a pulse rate is irregular, it is best to count the Apical pulse for a full minute.
Apical pulse can be auscultated in the mid-clavicular line in the 5th inter costal space.
Flushed cheeks are seen in patients with Mitral stenosis.
Rheumatic fever is associated with Valvular heart disease.
Aschoff's bodies are found in myocardium in rheumatic heart disease.
Elevated levels of antistreptolysin O are seen in rheumatic fever.
Most common site of Atherosclerotic plaques is Lower Abdominal Aorta.
Most common clinical manifestation of Pulmonary embolism is Dyspnea.
Most dangerous complication of venous thrombus is Pulmonary embolism.
In patient with DVT - blood clot travels to heart and gets lodged in lungs resulting in pulmonary embolism.
Oxygen therapy followed by High Fowler's position is the priority nursing intervention for patient with Puimonary edema.
While measuring Central Venous Pressure (CVP), the transducer is zeroed at the level of the 4th intercostal space (correspondstc
level of right atrium) in the mid-axillary line on a supine patient.
Central Venous Pressure (CVP) is measured at the end of expiration.
Location of placement of Permanent Pacemaker is subcutaneous tissue below the clavicle.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is a hormone secreted by Right Atrium.
Management of Cyanotic spell-Knee-Chest Position (increases preload and SVR).
Great Sephanous vein and Left Internal Mammary Artery (LIMA) are the commonly used vein grafts in CABG.
Endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the atheromatous plaque material, or blockage, from the
Kawasaki Disease is an acute inflammatory disease. It causes inflammation in the medium-sized arteries. It most commonly affects
infants and young children.
Orthostatic hypotension is a complication of all nitrates.
Nitroglycerin is given sublingually to relieve from chest pain due to angina pectoris.
Raynaud's disease is spasm of digital arteries caused by abnormal response of sympathetic nervous system to cold or emotiona
arterial wall.
stress.
Bloo
The most abundant type of blood cells is erythrocyte
Monocyte is largest white blood cell with finely granulated chromatin dispersed throughout the nucleus.
, Normal life span of RBCs is 80-120 days.
schistocytes are fragmented red blood cells
Anemia is a deficiency in the number of erythrocyte, the quantity of hemoglobin and the volume of packed RBCS.
When fully saturated, 1 8 of hemoglobin contains 1.39 ml of oxygen
Absorption of dietary nonheme iron is enhanced by Vitamin C.
Clinical symptoms of chronic iron deficiency include pallor skin, glossitis, and cheilitis.
Pernicious anemia is a disease in which gastric mucosa is not secreting intrinsic factor, that is needed for cobalamin absorption.
A sickle cell crisis is type of pain that begins suddenly and lasts for several hours to several days.
The preferred method to give iron is Z-Track Method.
Apheresis is a procedure used to separate components of blood, followed by the removal of one or more of these components.
The dosage of heparin is adjusted according to the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), while warfarin dose is determined
by the International Normalized Ratio (INR).
.Reticulocytes is an immature RBCs which is nucleated.
. Erythropoiesis is regulated by cellular oxygen requirement and controlled by erythropoietin.
.Universal donor is blood group O Negative and universal reipient is blood group AB positive.
Pancytopenia refers to decreased number of RBCs, WBCs and platelets.
Cobalamin absorption occurs in distal ileum.
Schilling test is done for assessing parietal cell function in case of B12 deficiency.
Direct coombs test detects: Antibody attached to RBC surface.
Indirect coombs test detects: Antibody in the serum.
ond transfusion is contraindicated in congestive cardiac failure.
Ecchymosis: Large purplish lesion is caused by hemorrhage.
Hemophilia A (Classical hemophilia) is caused by deficiency of factor VIl (Anti-Hemophilic Factor).
Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) is caused by deficiency/absence of Factor IX.
In hemophilia, Hepatitis C infection is common due to repeated blood transfusion.
Hepatitis Cis the most common type of post blood transfusion Hepatitis.
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) is prolonged in Hemophilia.
Myelodysplastic syndrome is a group of related hematologic disorder characterized by a change in quantity and quality of bone
marrow elements.
Azacitidine is the first effective treatment for patient with MDS.
Virchow's triad includes venous stasis, damage of the endothelium and hypercoagulability of blood which are causes of venous
thrombosis.
Homan's sign (pain on forced dorsiflexion of the foot when the leg is raised) is classic but unreliable sign of Deep Venous Thrombosis
(DVT).
Treatment of DVT involves bed rest, elevation of the extremity and anticoagulant therapy.
Warfarin inhibits activation of the vitamin K dependent coagulation factor 11, VIi, IX, X.
Warfarin requires 48-72 hours to affect prothrombin time.
Telangiectasias (spider vein) <1 cm in diameter that appears bluish purple or red.
Lead poisoning leads to Sideroblastic anemia/MCHC anemia, Hemolysis
Oral manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency includes Atrophic glossitis, Beefy tongue, Macroglossia.
Most Common
.Malabsorption
Most common vitamin B,, deficiency
Thalassemia major
.Thalassemia or Cooley's anemia
Recurrent hemarthrosis
Mist common manifestation of Hemophilia A
Hepatitis C virus
Most common transfusion association Viral Hepatitis
Length of male urethra: 18-20 cm
Length of Female urethra: 4 cm
Normal weight of prostate gland: 20g
Significant post void residual volume: >50 ml
Normal GFR: 90-120 ml/min
Oliguria: 24 hours urine output <400 mL
Anuria: 24 hours urine output <100 mL
Microalbuminuria: Urinary albumin excretion of 30-300 mg/day
Neonatal kidney achieves concentrating ability equivalent to adult kidney around the age of 1 year.
Infant kidney achieves GFR as of adult values around 2 years of age.
Stones formed in Acidic urine: Uric acid stones and cystine stone.
Stones formed in Alkaline urine: Struvite and phosphate.
Stress urinary incontinence is more common in women.
Tear drop bladder on Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) suggest: Pelvic hematomna
Spider leg appearance in IVP is suggestive of: Renal cyst
Water deprivation test is used to access the function of distal tubule.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g. amikacin, gentamycin) are nephrotoxic drugs.
Lasix competes with aspirin for renal excretion sites and may cause aspirin toxicity.
Chronic glomerulonephritis is a syndrome characterized by proteinuria, hematuria and slow development of uremia.
Hyperkalemia is one of the serious complications of acute renal failure, it can cause life-threatening cardiac dyserhythmias.
Nail and half nail sign are seen in Renal failure.
Dialysis in initiated when GFR (or creatinine clearance) is less than 15 mL/minute.
Inulin clearance Test: Gold standard test to estimate GFR (Creatinine clearance can overestimate GFR as it is also secreted into the
proximal tubules).
Ham test: Blood test to diagnose paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).
Furosemide (Loop diuretics) acts on the thick ascending loop of Henle.
Thiazides and potassium sparing diuretics act in the early distal tubule.
Osmotic diuretics acts in Descending limb of the loop of Henle.
Most Common
Most common cause of neurogenic bladder in children: Spina bifida
Most common renal calculus is calcium oxalate dihydrate.
Most common hospital acquired infection is UTI.
Most common agent associated with catheter associated UTI is E. coli.
Most common cause of complicated UTI is E. coli.
Most common viral infection after renal transplant is CMV.
Most common cause of Nephrotic syndrome in adults is Diabetes Mellitus
Most common type of ARF is Prerenal.
Maximum level of ACTH and cortisol is at the time of early morning.
In secondary adrenal insufficiency: Aldosterone secretion is not affected therefore electrolytes are usually normal.
Midline facial defect, single central incisor micro penis, hypoglycemia are the features seen in the deficiency of Growth hormone.
.Earliest manifestation of Cushing's syndrome: LOSs of diurnal variation
1st sign of pubertal changes in boys: Enlargement of testis
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1st sign of pubertal changes in girls: Thelarche
Testis starts producing testosterone under the influence of: Placental HCG
Normal consonance of puberty is:
Girls Thelarche > Pubarche >Menarche
BoysGonadarche>PubarcheSpermarche
Hyposecretion of growth hormone in children results in Dwarfism.
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults results in acromegaly.
Hashimoto's thyroditis: It is progressive autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland with degeneration of its epithelial elements and
replacement by lymphoid and fibrous tissue.
.Cretinism is the endocrine disorder that can lead to mental retardation.
The sign of Cushing syndrome is moon face appearance, and buffalo hump.
The classic symptoms of DM are polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).
Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland and inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption by directly interacting with active osteoclast.
Addison's disease is caused by deficiency of corticosteroid hormone.
Diabetic insipidus occurs due to the deficiency of Antidiuretic hormone.
Whipple's triad visible in Insulinoma and other conditions causes hypoglycemia:
ymptoms of hypo8lycemia is low plasma glucose levels
Relief of symptoms after plasma glucose is raised
Enlargement of pituitary tumor after adrenalectomy is called Nelson's syndrome.
HbA1C indicates post serum glucose levels over previous 3 months period.
Most Common
Most Common cause of viral meningoencephalitis: Herpes Simplex Virus
Most common cause of meningoencephalitis: Enterovirus
Most common site of Neural Tube Defect: Lumbosacral region
Most common location of Myelomeningocoele: Lumbosacral region
Most common genetic cause of MR: Down's syndrome
Most common cerebrovascular diseases/stroke: ischemic stroke
Most common ischemic stroke is embolism
Most common site of hemorrhagic CVA is Brain parenchyma
Most common hemorrhagic CVA is Hypertension
N Nursing Next Live Target High Extra Edge & visit the section The medulla oblongata is a portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing, and sneezing. The brain region which is responsible for coordination of voluntary muscular movement posture and balance is cerebellum. Tumors within Sella turcica and small adenomas of the pituitary glands can be removed through transsphenoidal approach. Auditory lobe is found in temporal lobe. Visual area is found in occipital lobe. .Hypothalamus contains temperature control center of the body. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): The lowest possible score is 3, and the highest possible score is 15. A patient whose GCS score is 8 or less is said to be in coma. The biceps and brachioradialis reflexes are mediated by the C5 and C6 nerve root. The triceps reflex is mediated by the C6 and C7 nerve root, mainly by C7 nerve root. The knee jerk reflex is mediated by the L3 and L4 nerve roots, mainly L4. Triad sign of multiple sclerosis include ataxia (unsteady gait), nystagmus, and tremor. Wernicke's encephalopathy is inflammatory, hemorrhagic, degenerative condition of brain caused by thiamine deficiency. It is common with chronic alcoholic patients. The classic triad of diagnostic signs of meningitis consist of nuchal rigidity, sudden high fever, and altered mental status. Corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone) are used to reduce brain swelling and inflammation. Ascending paralysis is visible in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Four As of Alzheimer are: 1. Amnesia: loss of memory 2. Agnosia: unable to recognize inanimate objects 3. Apraxia: no recognition of object function Compression of facial nerve in the temporal bone will lead to Bell's palsy. Trigeminal nerve has the highest number of branches. 4. Aphasia: unable to speak Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux): In this sensory or afferent branch primarily the maxillary and mandibular branches are involved. The first-line therapy for trigeminal neuralgia carbamazepine, phenytoin and valproate. Parkinson's disease is characterized by tremor and rigidity of limbs. Contusion is the bruising of the brain tissue within a focal area without altering the integrity of pia mater and arachnoid layer. Signs of meningitis include positive kerning's sign, brudzinski sign, stiff neck, bulging fontanel (in infants), fever, bradycardia and increased ICP. Cold caloric test is performed to assess function of brain stem. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Main cause of peripheral neuropathy is Diabetes Mellitus. Tubercular Meningitis is most commonly seen between 6-24 months of age. Kernicterus (bilirubin deposition in Basal Ganglia) can lead to Chorioathetoid/Dystonic Cerebral palsy. Negri bodies are found in Rabies. Lewy bodies are found in Parkinson's disease. Pinpoint pupil is a characteristic of Pontine hemorrhage (a form of intracranial hemorrhage). The type of seizures that involve both sides of brain is called generalized seizure. Focal (or partial) seizures occur when seizure activity is limited to a part of one brain hemisphere. The type of seizure that involves one side of brain is called partial seizure. Babinski reflex is one of the normal reflexes in infants up to 2 years of age. Babinski reflex is an abnormal reflex action in adults. The patellar reflex or knee-jerk is a stretch reflex whichtests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord. A client with high cervical injury (C1-C4) is at greatest risk for respiratory compromise. Cervical injuries above the level of C4 may cause total loss of respiratory muscle (diaphragm) function. Altered level of consciousness is most sensitive and earliest indicator of Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP). Patients with a left-brain stroke have right hemiplegia and right brain stroke have left hemiplegia. Anosmia refers to loss of sense of smell. Patients with epilepsy are advised to avoid taking showers in bathtub due to risk of drowning if seizure occurs during shower. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological disorder in which the immune system of body mistakenly attacks part of its Own peripheral nervous system. ay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. e performing Romberg test a nurse must ensure patient's safety to prevent a fall during examination.
Benign tumors are confined to a specific, localized area (Encapsulation) and does not metastasize (spread).
Cell division is uncontrolled and abnormal in malignant tumors (cancer).
Malignant tumors are not encapsulated.
Malignant tumors metastasize to surrounding area via blood stream or lymphatic system.
A1cm tumor that is detectable by palpation contains 1 billion cancer cells.
A 0.5 cm tumor is the smallest that can be detected by MRI.
Asthenia is abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy.
Most common type of prostate CA is Adenocarcinoma.
Most common site of metastasis from prostrate CA is Vertebrae.
Most common tumor to metastasize to bone:
Males CA prostate (osteoblastic secondaries)
FemalesCA breast (osteoblastic secondaries)
Radiation dose was expressed in units called rads (radiation absorbed doses).
Radiation can be delivered externally (teletherapy), and internally (brachytherapy).
Most radiosensitive cell in the blood: Lymphocyte.
Least radiosensitive cell in the blood: Platelet.
Least radiosensitive cell of the body: Neurons.
Xerostomia means dry mouth. It is a common side-effect of head and neck radiation therapy.
Palmar-plantar erythrodyesthesia (PPE) or hand foot syndrome is a cutaneous toxicity that occurs mainly due to targete
chemotherapy.
Temporary hair loss ocCurs at 30 GY, and permanent at 55 Gy of radiation exposure.
The four halimark signs of tumor lysis syndrome are hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a malignant condition characterized by proliferation of abnormal giant, multinucleated cells, called Rees
Sternberg cells.
Pel-Ebstein Fever is characteristic feature of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Triad of B-symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma: Fever, night sweats and weight loss
Chemotherapy is the first treatment recommended for multiple myeloma. Common regimen is VAD-vincristin, doxorubicin, a
dexamethasone.
Common side-effect of chemotherapy is nausea.
CRAB criteria are used to distinguish smoldering myeloma and monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined
Screening for CA prostrate is commonly done by: Digital Rectal Examination+ PSA.
Normal level of PSA in male: <4 ng /mL.
Palliative surgery is performed to reduce the intensity of illness by debulking tumors so as to relieve several symptoms.
Breast Cancer is the most common cancer in women (India and World).
Lung cancer is the most common cancer among male worldwide
Lip/Oral cavity cancer is the most common cancer among male in India.
Lung cancer is the most common cancer death in India and world.
Most common type of colon cancer is adenocarcinoma.
Pancreatic cancer has the p0orest prognosis. It usually does not show early symptoms and diagnosed at late stage. Survival rate
only 8% (Source: American Cancer Society)
to renmembeT
Spironolactone is the drug causing gynecomastia by decreasing testosterone production.
Orchitis is the complication of mumps.
Most common zone of origin for CA Prostate: Peripheral zone.
Most common lobe involved in CA prostrate: Posterior lobe.
Earliest symptoms of prostatism: Nocturia.
Irrigant of choice in Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP): 1.5% glycine.
irrigant of choice in TURP with Bipolar cautery (plasmakinetics): Normal saline (NS).
Most common complication after TURP: Retrograde ejaculation OR Dry ejaculation.
Undescended testes are more common on: Right side [Mn: RUN]
Varicocele is predominantly seen on: Left side.
Congenital hydrocele is best treated by Herniotomy.
Absence of fructose in semen indicates obstruction to seminal vesicle.
Most common cause of urethritis is C. trachomatis
Absence of living spermatozoa in semen is called Azoospermia.
Inability to retract the prepuce to reveal the glans penis is called Phimosis.
Descent of the testes into the scrotum normally occurs before birth.
Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both the testicles do not descend into the scrotum.
The main cause of genital warts (Condylomata Acuminata) is human papilloma virus (HPV).
.Synalgia is also called referred pain.
The most common preventable complication of abdominal surgery is Atelectasis.
Aspirin has a prolonged anti-platelet activity, thereforeit should be stopped for at least 7 days prior to surgery.
A common physiologic effect of spinal anesthesia is Hypotension, primarily due to blockade of the sympathetic nervous system
causing arterial and venous vasodilation with subsequent "functional" hypovolemia.
Postoperatively, a patient is started on Clear Fluids once bowel sounds can be heard.
NSAIDs block the action of Cyclooxygenase (COX), thereby interfering the production of prostaglandins and reducing pain.
Intrathecal administration of analgesics involves insertion of catheter into Subarachnoid Space.
Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics (EMLA) (a combination of prilocaine and lidocaine) cream is applied to the site 30-60
minutes before the surgical procedure. It is used in minor surgeries.
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.General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is composed of 3 stages (in sequence):
1. Alarm reaction
2 Stage of resistance
3. Stage of exhaustion
An increased metabolic rate intensifies water loss. There is a 7% increase in metabolism for every 1°F increase in temperature
above 100°F or a 13% increase for every 1'C increase.
Causes of Hypokalemia include vomiting, diarrhea, prolonged Gl suction and prolonged IV therapy.
Hypokalemia is deficiency of potassium in blood.
Signs of Hypocalcemia: Trousseau's sign/carpopedal spasm, Chvostek's sign.
Trousseau's Sign is a sign of tetany in which carpal spasm can be elicited by compressing the upper arm and causing ischemia to
the nerves distally.
Sulkowitch Test is used to measure the calcium content in urine mainly in hypocalcemia.
Do not use sterile water to fiush the NG tube, as it has a pH of 4.5 and could cause Metabolic Acidosis.
Perineal Hematoma after trauma occurs due to Rupture of bulbar urethra.
f the cause for hypovolemic shock is hemorrhage, then the use of Dextran is contraindicated because it interferes with the platelet
aggregation.
IgE mediated chemicals are associated with Anaphylactic reaction.
Alarm reaction, Resistance and Exhaustion (in same sequence) are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) of
stress.
Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for Fight of Flight response.
During compensatory stage of shock, sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to maintain
homeostatic.
cardiac output is usually normal in Circulatory/Distributive Shock.
Most frequently encountered acid base disorder is Respiratory Alkalosis.
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